![]() ![]() 1 Picture charts (Lea or Allen) or matching charts (HOTV) can be used in preliterate children, and letter charts (Snellen) can be used in literate children ( Figure 1 6). The American Academy of Ophthalmology recommends the use of an eye chart by three years of age. Assessing visual acuity in infants and toddlers involves evaluation of fix and follow behavior (discussed later). The eye examination begins with a measurement of visual acuity. ![]() Red reflex examination is used to diagnose retinoblastoma, childhood cataracts, and other ocular abnormalities. Evaluation of fixation and alignment can identify amblyopia or strabismus. Visual acuity measurement and external ocular examination are performed to recognize refractive error, childhood glaucoma, and various ocular conditions. Vision screening begins with a review of family and personal vision history to identify risk factors requiring referral, including premature birth, Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, and a family history of strabismus, amblyopia, retinoblastoma, childhood glaucoma, childhood cataracts, or ocular or genetic systemic disease. Screening can reveal conditions commonly treated in primary care and can aid in discussion of visual concerns with parents or caregivers. The purpose is to detect risk factors and visual abnormalities that necessitate treatment and to identify those patients who require referral to an ophthalmologist skilled in examining children. Vision screening in children is an ongoing process, with components that should occur at each well-child visit. ![]()
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